GLOSSARY ENTRY (DERIVED FROM QUESTION BELOW) | ||||||
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15:35 Mar 9, 2019 |
Spanish to English translations [PRO] Science - Chemistry; Chem Sci/Eng / Thermodynamics | |||||||
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| Selected response from: Taña Dalglish Jamaica Local time: 03:01 | ||||||
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3 +2 | degree or ordering or clustering |
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degree or ordering or clustering Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrama_de_fase ASM-Phase-Diagrams-Understanding-the-Basics.pdf (Scribd) There are: degree of attainment, degree of freedom, probable degree of solid solubility, degree of covalent or ionic bonding, degree of undercooling, degree of completion, degree of absolute temperature (T), ***degree of ordering or clustering .....*** Hence, the direction of change can be ascertained from the phase diagram, and a wealth of experience is available to indicate the probable degree of attainment of equilibrium under various circumstances. How can there be only one degree of freedom when it is evident that both temperature and pressure must change in order to proceed from point 2 to point 2', where the two phases continue to exist? The answer is that only one of the variables can be changed independently. If the size factor is favorable, then the other three rules should be evaluated to determine the probable degree of solid solubility. Metallic systems that display complete solid solubility are quite rare, with the copper-nickel system being the most important When the electrochemical properties of the alloying element metals are similar, normal substitutional solid solutions will form during solidification. However, when the metals have widely divergent electrochemical properties, they are more likely to form a chemical compound, often with some degree of covalent or ionic bonding present. Very large undercoolings and highly polished molds are required to cause homogenous nucleation, and it is rarely, if ever, observed in practice. In reality, the degree of undecooling is usually very small, often only a degree or two. The rate of transformation and the time required for the transformation to proceed to some degree of completion are inversely proportional to one another. The time to reach a 50% degree of completion in the reaction is frequently used. The entropy, S, represents the energy (per degree of absolute temperature, T> in a system that is not available for work. In terms of entropy, the Second Law states that all natural processes tend to occur only with an increase in entropy, and the direction of the process is always such as to lead to an increase in entropy. For processes taking place in a system in equilibrium with its surroundings, the change in entropy is defined as: In systems with E < 0, the internal energy of the system is reduced by increasing the number of A-B bonds, that is, by ordering the atoms as shown in Fig. 3.18(a). If E > 0, the internal energy can be reduced by increasing the number of A-A and B-B bonds, that is, by the clustering of the atoms into A-rich and B-rich groups (Fig. 3.18b). *****However, the degree of ordering or clustering ***** will decrease as temperature increases due to the increasing importance of entropy. In systems where there is a size difference between the atoms, the quasi-chemical model will underestimate the change in internal energy on mixing, because no account is taken of the elastic strain fields that introduce a strain-energy term into AHmix. When the size difference is large, this effect can dominate over the chemical term. When the size difference between the atoms is very large, then interstitial solid solutions are energetically most favorable (Fig. 3.18~). In systems where there is strong chemical bonding between the atoms, there is a tendency for the formation of intermetallic phases. These are distinct from solutions based on the pure components because they have a different crystal structure and may also be highly ordered. Found it. HTH. -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 36 mins (2019-03-09 16:11:29 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- Oops. Sorry, degree OF ordering or clustering. -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 10 days (2019-03-20 12:09:02 GMT) Post-grading -------------------------------------------------- Thank you Timothy. |
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