May 2, 2018 15:21
6 yrs ago
35 viewers *
Spanish term

delito de resultado cortado

Spanish to English Law/Patents Law (general) Criminal law
My text is confidential, but a contrast is made in the problematic passage (in a legal judgment) between a "delito de mera actividad" and a "delito de resultado cortado"

As I understand it, a "delito de mera actividad" is a criminal offence in which simply undertaking a particular activity constitutes the crime(breaking and entering, for example), while a delito de actividad cortada is one where the activity resulted or would have resulted in a consequence to a legal interest (say a poisoning or attempted poisoning).

Does anyone have an idea if there is an equivalent in English for either or both terms?

TIA

Jaime

Discussion

Sandro Tomasi May 4, 2018:
@Robert From what I have seen so far under the category, it would be the following types:

1. conduct crimes
2. result crimes

1. delito de mera actividad
2a. delito de resultado
2b. delito de resultado cortado

So it is like fitting 3 pegs into two holes. If we are talking about the Spanish system, there will eventually be a need to differentiate bet. 2a and 2b in English.
Robert Carter May 4, 2018:
@Sandro Agreed. I think we're dealing with different typologies rather than categories here, which I take it is your point. And yes, you're probably right to disagree with Adrian's comment, although it occurs to me that it was made in the spirit of inquiry rather than as affirmation, alerting the reader to this possibility and the idea that sometimes it pays to look at these questions from different viewpoints. Thanks again for clarifying your rationale, it's very helpful.
Sandro Tomasi May 4, 2018:
Another way of looking at it. Jaime’s context involves a contrast between a delito de mera actividad and a delito de resultado cortado. If we translate the latter as inchoate offense, what are we left with for the first term? If we can agree that delito de mera actividad is a conduct crime, isn’t that what all inchoate offenses are based on — serious enough conduct to merit punishment?
Sandro Tomasi May 3, 2018:
@Robert I respectfully disagree with Adrian regarding, “in AmE and BrE this offence/se would be classifiable by the intent, rather than by the outcome.” My reference by Joshua Dressler shows that there are conduct and result crimes.

At this point, I’ve read just about everything we have offered and I disagree with inchoate offense. Close, but no cigar. If I see evidence, in original Spanish texts, that conspiración, provocación, instigación, etc. are considered delitos de resultado cortado or that the term in question is synonymous to actos preparatorios punibles, then that would sway me.
Robert Carter May 3, 2018:
Sorry, I was just taking the opportunity to pick your brains. By all means, go ahead! Thanks for taking the time to explain your reasoning in any case, sleep well!
Sandro Tomasi May 3, 2018:
@Robert I'm tired, Brotha. Gonna get some shut-eye and I'll get back to you tomorrow. Cheers!
Sandro Tomasi May 3, 2018:
truncated-result crime I steer away from making up terms, but in this case I could not find a functional equivalent. The only functional equivalents I could find that matched up 100% were the first two in my answer. I made that term up the third one based on the first two.
Robert Carter May 3, 2018:
@Sandro Phil's Kudoz link below is also instructive, in particular Helena's reference and, although I don't agree with his answer, Adrian's evident legal skills lead him to make this insightful remark in the explanation to his answer:

"I guess in AmE and BrE this offence/se would be classifiable by the intent, rather than by the outcome."
Sandro Tomasi May 3, 2018:
A lot of overlapping bet. actos preparatorios punibles and delitos de resultado cortado. But think about it, is burglary and inchoate offense? No, it is not. Even though the fully-intended crime (to commit a larceny therein) has been cutoff. But with an attempt, you have to consider what they were going to do, e.g., murder would be attempted murder. Now it is an inchoate offense. If the same act is charged as an assault and/or battery, it is no longer an inchoate offense because nothing regarding murder has to be proved, just the sustained injuries. It's a different prism by which to view things. Check out Jaime's link in the second post of this discussion and see the differences between Sections IV and V. Under V you will see Y Otras Categorías de Delitos.
Sandro Tomasi May 3, 2018:
@Robert If actos preparatorios punibles is synonymous to delitos de resultado cortado, then by all means. However, I have only seen tentativa fall under actos preparatorios punibles, not under delitos de resultado cortado.

I'd like to see evidence of tentativa falling under that category before I believe it.
Robert Carter May 3, 2018:
@Sandro Yes, but even so, this might simply be synonymous for "actos preparatorios punibles" in the ST country. It certainly looks like it, or do you spot a difference?
Sandro Tomasi May 3, 2018:
@Robert Inchoate offenses = conspiracy, solicitation, attempt, and facilitation (in some jurisdictions). If we can agree this is legal dogma under the common law, ... pasemos al español.

Si vemos algunas figuras comparadas --como la conspiración (o confabulación), la provocación, la tentativa o la participación criminal-- ¿bajo qué categoría caen estas? In English, it would be inchoate offenses. ¿Pero en español cómo se llama la categoría? ¿Delitos de resultado cortado? Yo no he visto esa denominación para dicho contexto, sino que, según M. Díaz y García Conlledo, de la Enciclopedia Jurídica Básica, es actos preparatorios punibles.
Robert Carter May 3, 2018:
@Sandro Hi Sandro, just trying to get my head around this. What would be your issue with "inchoate offense"? I can't find any references in English to "truncated-result crime", and Taña's idea looks sound to me.
liz askew May 2, 2018:
Also:
www.juridicohightech.com.br/.../o-que-se-entende-por-crime-...
Translate this page
O crime de resultado cortado é também conhecido como delito de intenção transcendental. É o que exige do agente uma finalidade além daquela prevista no tipo para a consumação da conduta delituosa. Trata-se de crime formal ou de consumação antecipada. É o contexto ilícito no qual existe uma finalidade do agente ...
Marcelo González May 2, 2018:
Sounds good, Taña (as usual) :-) Inchoate offense. "A type of crime completed by taking a punishable step towards the commission of another crime. The basic inchoate offenses are attempt, solicitation, and conspiracy. The crime allegedly intended is called the target offense. Except for conspiracy, inchoate offenses merge into the target crime. This means that if the defendant is prosecuted for the target crime, attempt and solicitation cannot be charged as well. However, both conspiracy to commit a crime and the crime itself may be charged."
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/inchoate_offense
Taña Dalglish May 2, 2018:

There is a previous glossary entry which may help:
https://www.proz.com/kudoz/portuguese_to_english/law_general...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchoate_offense
An inchoate offense, preliminary crime, or inchoate crime, incomplete crime is a crime of preparing for or seeking to commit another crime. The most common example of an inchoate offense is "attempt". "Inchoate offense" has been defined as: "Conduct deemed criminal without actual harm being done, provided that the harm that would have occurred is one the law tries to prevent."[1][2]
Sandro Tomasi May 2, 2018:
@Jaime, @Phil Thank you for the links. They help. This is a complicated question. It will take me some time to research, gladly.
philgoddard May 2, 2018:
We've had this before - although there was no answer, there was a good reference comment. http://www.proz.com/kudoz/spanish_to_english/law_general/597...
You wouldn't be breaching confidentiality by giving us some context. Just don't reveal the names of the parties.
Jaime Hyland (asker) May 2, 2018:
That's what I thought too until I did a little research:

d) Delitos de resultado cortado son aquellos en los que el autor hace algo para que produzcan consecuencias posterio¬res. Tal sería el caso de quien envenena a otro.

http://penaludmcppo.blogspot.de/2007/07/clasificacin-de-los-...
Sandro Tomasi May 2, 2018:
On face value, the explanation of the term is puzzling. How can it be a delito de actividad cortada be one where the activity resulted? I could see it as a "would have resulted," i.e., it got cut off.

Proposed translations

+1
6 hrs
Selected

truncated-result crime

delito de mera actividad - conduct crime
delito de resultado - result crime
delito de resultado cortado - truncated-result crime

I have not been able to find a direct equivalent. Continuous crime is close, but no cigar. The term delito de resultado cortado, as far as I can tell, is a crime that without reaching its full result (or the intended harm) still constitutes a fully-executed crime in and of itself. The difference between this and an attempt is that an attempt is of something (e.g., murder), while the delito de resultado cortado is like burglary where nothing was stolen, the intended crime was larceny, but it is not charged as an attempted larceny because burglary is a crime in and of itself. That’s why I’m calling it a truncated-result crime, a more literal approach, because there is a crime actually committed.

BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY
continuous crime. 1. A crime that continues after an initial illegal act has been consummated; a crime that involves ongoing elements. - An example is illegal U.S. drug importation. The criminal act is completed not when the drugs enter the country, but when the drugs reach their final destination. …

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CRIMINAL LAW (Joshua Dressler)
C. Breaking Down the Social Harm Into Categories
It is sometimes essential for a lawyer (especially in jurisdictions that follow the Model Penal Code) to be able to look at the definition of a crime, more specifically the actus reus portion, and divide up the “social harm” elements into one or more of the following three categories.
1. “Result” Elements (or Crimes)
Some crimes prohibit a specific result, such as the death of another person.
2. “Conduct” Elements (or Crimes)
Some crimes prohibit specific conduct, whether or not tangible harm results thereby, such as offenses that prohibit drunk driving.
3. “Attendant Circumstance” Elements
A “result” or “conduct” is not an offense unless certain “attendant circumstances” exist. An “attendant circumstance” is a fact that exists at the time of the actor’s conduct, or at the time of a particular result, and which is required to be proven in the definition of the offense.

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Criminal Law (Richard J. Bonnie, Anne M. Coughlin, John C. Jeffries, Peter W. Low)
Completed Offenses
a) Some crimes require that the actor’s conduct be complete in the sense that it actually causes the ultimate harm sought to be prevented by law, murder is the prime example; many crimes, however, do not require fully completed harm as a condition of liability, a false statement may be punished as perjury, even though the trial outcome is not affected, etc.

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DERECHO PENAL II, TOMO I
TRATA DE MENORES DE 18 AÑOS
El art. 127 bis del Cód. Penal establece: “El que promoviere o facilitare la entrada o salida del país de menores de dieciocho años para que ejerzan la prostitución, será reprimido con reclusión o prisión de cuatro a diez años. (…)”.

Subjetivamente, el tipo exige un elemento subjetivo específico: “para que ejerzan la prostitución”, por lo que el dolo eventual no resulta admisible. Esta intención inicial del autor es independiente de que se logre o no que la victima ejerza tal actividad. Se trata de un tipo subjetivamente configurado, en el que el agente actúa guiado por su fin especifico, que la víctima ejerza la prostitución. Debido a esta particular configuración subjetiva, el tipo se convierte en un delito intencional de resultado cortado.

El delito es doloso, compatible solo con el dolo directo (“infligir intencionalmente” dice el art. 1° de la Convención) y de resultado, debido, precisamente, a la exigencia del concepto internacional de la causación de dolores o sufrimientos graves (desvalor de resultado). En la doctrina comparada, en orden a la configuración internacional de la tortura, “a la vista de la brutalidad o crueldad deliberada que le es inherente” se admite solo el dolo directo, destacándose que se está frente a un delito de tenencia, de resultado cortado, por cuanto la obtención de las ventajas que el delito persigue no pertenecen al tipo objetivo, o bien que además del dolo exige la concurrencia de un elemento subjetivo del injusto o de un especial elemento subjetivo del tipo.

La lesión es un delito de resultado material e instantáneo, pues para su consumación se requiere la producción de un daño efectivo en el cuerpo o en la salud de la víctima. Por la propia naturaleza del delito, la tentativa resulta admisible, pero, frente a los casos concretos, no debe prescindirse de la disposición del art. 104, Cód. Penal (abuso de armas) que, en sus dos hipótesis, tipifica el disparo de arma de fuego contra una persona sin herirla y la agresión con toda arma aunque no se cause herida. El abuso de armas absorbe toda tentativa de lesión leve con o sin armas, pero no ocurre lo mismo en los casos de tentativa de lesiones graves y gravísimas, en los que son de aplicación los principios generales de los arts. 42 y siguientes del Cód. Penal.

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IV. Según las características de la consumación:
a) Delitos formales o de simple actividad: Son aquellos cuya comisión depende de la sola realización de la conducta prohibida por la ley, con prescindencia de cualquier resultado. La sola concurrencia de la acción habilita la penalidad.
b) Delitos de resultado: Son aquellos en que, además de la acción, debe concurrir un resultado determinado para poder punir la conducta. Al revés de la categoría precedente, el resultado es verificable, sea por los sentidos, sea a través de un procedimiento intelectual. Desde el punto de vista penal, el resultado puede consistir en una puesta en peligro o en una lesión efectiva del bien jurídico protegido.
Por ello, respecto de este tipo de delitos se hace una nueva distinción:
b1.: Delitos de peligro: Son aquellos que sólo requieren la existencia de un peligro corrido por el bien jurídico, es decir, la simple puesta en peligro de éste (ejemplo: ley Nº 20.000, sobre Tráfico de Estupefacientes). La ley exige la concurrencia de este peligro corrido por el bien jurídico.
A su vez se distinguen:
b1.1: Delitos de peligro abstracto: Se perfeccionan mediante la sola ejecución de la acción típica, porque ésta, generalmente, es hábil para crear una situación de peligro real. Ej.: delito de Manejo en Estado de Ebriedad. En la práctica, estos delitos no logran diferenciarse eficientemente de los delitos formales o de mera actividad.
b1.2: Delitos de peligro concreto: La relación entre la acción y el peligro del bien jurídico hay que probarlo.
b2.: Delitos de lesión: Son aquellos cuya consumación exige la verificación de un
resultado determinado. El ejemplo clásico es el delito de homicidio, el que sólo se configura si existe el resultado "muerte" (muerte típica, claro). También se los denomina tipos de resultado.
c) Delitos instantáneos son aquellos que se perfeccionan en un solo un momento, que se consuman y agotan en un fracción de tiempo inapreciable temporalmente y que, por ende, se encuentran terminados con la actuación y su efecto.
d) Delitos permanentes son aquellos que tienen la particularidad de crear un estado delictivo que se dilata y extiende en el tiempo, no obstante haberse perfeccionado en un momento, de tal manera que ellos se continúan consumando indefinidamente, mientras subsista el mencionado estado. Ej.: el rapto.

V. Otras Categorías de Delitos:
a) Delito a distancia: son aquellos cuya ejecución se ha comenzado en un país pero cuyo resultado se produce en otro. Tiene importancia a propósito de la aplicación territorial o extraterritorial de la ley penal.
b) Delitos de intención: son aquellos "delitos cuya 'parte interna' requiere de una intención especial (...), que no corresponde a la parte externa objetiva..., ejemplo de los cuales serían, entre otros, la estafa y el hurto
c) Delitos mutilados en dos actos son una especie dentro de los delitos de intención. En ellos el autor del hecho hace algo como medio de una actuación posterior.
d) Delitos de resultado cortado son aquellos en los que el autor hace algo para que produzcan consecuencias posteriores. Tal sería el caso de quien envenena a otro.
e) Delitos de tendencia constituyen una construcción que se basa en el hecho de que para que un proceso en apariencia irrelevante jurídicamente, pueda ser calificado de suceso criminal tras averiguar y fijar, de conformidad al tipo, el motivo o la intención en el actor.
f) Delito consumado para referirse al "delito completo", en que se han cumplido todas las exigencias indicadas en la descripción típica correspondiente. Por su parte, el delito agotado se refiere a "aquel momento del desarrollo del delito en que se han producido todas las consecuencias del hecho delictuoso y en que el sujeto activo, por consiguiente, no sólo ha dado cima al hecho típico, sino ha logrado, además, obtener todos los efectos ilícitos que mediante el se proponía conseguir. Es así como el delito de hurto estará consumado desde que el delincuente haya logrado apropiarse de la cosa mueble ajena sin la voluntad de su dueño.
g) Delitos de propia mano: Serían, en principio, sólo aquellos en los que la única manera posible de autoría reside en la realización corporal de la acción típica: ejemplos clásicos son la violación o el estupro en los que no puede ser autor quien no tiene acceso carnal.
Peer comment(s):

neutral AllegroTrans : It works as a functional translation but an English lawyer is unlikely to recognise such a term
18 hrs
I agree. But once the conversation bet. an English lawyer and a Spanish lawyer deepens into the details of the substantive law, the English lawyer will see an added layer to conduct/result crimes (delitos de actividad/resultado) in Spain.
agree Seth Phillips : Very well researched, I must say. Your detailed explanations say it all.
1 day 19 hrs
Thank you, Seth. I appreciate your comment.
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4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer. Comment: "Sorry about the delay in assessing this!"
6 hrs

Result crime [?]

Interestingly, Rebecca Jower has a section titled Clasificación de los delitos (7.2) in her lexicon with an interesting (bilingual) list of crimes categorized under Spanish law (not sure if the text above is from Spanish Law), that lists both terms mentioned by the poster above:

Delito de simple actividad; Delito de mera actividad > Conduct crime
Delito de resultado > Result crime

I haven't read thoroughly on the concept of "Result Crime", but it would seem that this fit the poster's understanding of "activity resulted or would have resulted in a consequence to a legal interest (say a poisoning or attempted poisoning)." As in, one act (whether or not considered an offense, not sure myself) leading to another criminal act, which is what is coming to my understanding.

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Note added at 2 days 3 hrs (2018-05-04 19:09:04 GMT)
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Frankly, I'd choose Sandro's very well-backed answer.
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4 days

truncated-outcome offens(c)e

The CTC would welcome an account of how the relevant provisions of the bill address these requirements of the resolution. In accordance with the legal definition of the criminal offence of financing (new article 8 of Act No. 18,314), Chile, like the Committee, believes that it is not necessary that the funds actually be used to carry out a terrorist offence.
***The legal definition of the criminal offence of financing was in fact conceived as a “truncated-outcome offence”, based on the notion of a transcendent element of intent, such as “intent to use” [the funds]. This means that the act of soliciting, collecting or providing funds with such intent is sufficient, regardless of the funds’ subsequent fate. It is therefore enough merely to solicit and collect funds, even if they are not subsequently delivered. Furthermore, with respect to the Committee’s questions, the offence is deemed to be present even though: 1. The only related terrorist act takes place or is intended to take place outside the country. This is the case, because the offence of financing is an autonomous offence. As already mentioned, it is sufficient that there be intent. 2. No related terrorist act actually occurs or is attempted [by the alleged receiver of the funds]. This is in accordance with the definition given at the beginning of this reply. 3. No transfer of funds from one country to another takes place. This is the case, because Chile’s definition makes no stipulation regarding the destination of the funds or the means used to transmit them. On the contrary, it provides for “any direct or indirect means” of soliciting, collecting or providing. 4. The funds are of legal origin. This is the case, because there is no stipulation in that regard. It is enough that funds be involved, and the concept provided by the Convention applies for the rest. 1.3 Within the context of the bill imposing a legal obligation on financial institutions and other intermediaries to report suspicious transactions when engaged in brokering activities (referred to in the third report at page 4), the CTC would appreciate further information concerning the criteria by which transactions are characterized as suspicious.***

https://www.translatorscafe.com/tcterms/TT/question.aspx?id=...

truncated-outcome - Translation into Spanish - examples English ...
context.reverso.net/translation/english-spanish/truncated-outcome
The legal definition of the criminal offence of financing was in fact conceived as a "truncated-outcome offence", based on the notion of a transcendent element of intent, such as "intent to use". En efecto, el tipo penal de financiación ha sido construido como un "delito de resultado cortado", sobre la base de la utilización de ...




Перевод "truncated-outcome offence" на русский - Reverso Context
context.reverso.net/перевод/английский-русский/truncated-outcome+offence
Перевод контекст "truncated-outcome offence" c английский на русский от Reverso Context: The legal definition of the criminal offence of financing was in fact conceived as a "truncated-outcome offence", based on the notion of a transcendent element of intent, such as "intent to use".

https://dictionary.rever The legal definition of the criminal offence of financing was in fact conceived as a "truncated-outcome offence", based on the notion of a transcendent element of intent, such as "intent to use".
En effet, ce qui est important dans l'infraction de financement, c'est l'élément intentionnel, la « finalité de l'utilisation ».
so.net/english-french/truncated-outcome%20offence

I have chosen to block my previous answer. While similar to another proposal, the words are "truncated-outcome" and not "truncated-result". That is all I am prepared to say. Regards.
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