Glossary entry

French term or phrase:

éviction

English translation:

repudiatory breach/ repudiation; 'crowding or freezing out'

Added to glossary by Adrian MM.
Aug 19, 2020 14:47
3 yrs ago
51 viewers *
French term

éviction

French to English Law/Patents Law: Contract(s)
I understand the broad notion of this word as applied to contractual relationships but of course "eviction" is not the correct translation in this context. It is about the unjustified breaking-off of a contractual relationship such that entitlement to damages arises.

I have checked the glossaries and am not content with what I found as most entries were about the eviction of tenants, squatters etc. I have also read the French definitions of the term and the relevant sections of the French Civil Code, so I don't need these.

Does anyone have a more appropriate way of expressing this as I do not believe there is a direct equivalent in common law countries?

This is from the end of a claim by BBB against AAA for multiple breaches:

CONDAMNER subsidiairement la société AAA à verser à la société BBB la somme, à parfaire et par provision, de xxx euros à titre de dommages et intérêts du fait de son éviction et pour le surplus de fixer à dire d’Expert et dans les mêmes conditions que celles précitées, le complet préjudice de la société BBB
Change log

Aug 21, 2020 08:28: Adrian MM. changed "Edited KOG entry" from "<a href="/profile/626010">AllegroTrans's</a> old entry - "éviction"" to ""repudiatory breach/repudiation""

Discussion

B D Finch Aug 20, 2020:
@Asker Sorry you are disappointed, but I didn't agree with Adrian's answer because I didn't like or agree with "crowding out" and hadn't come across the term "repudiatory breach", so wasn't sure about that form of words. Possibly others may have had similar reasons.
AllegroTrans (asker) Aug 20, 2020:
Thanks mrrafe My slant is to GB English
mrrafe Aug 20, 2020:
anticipatory breach In terms of US terminology as I understand it, at least, the choice of "repudiatory" confuses two separate concepts. Repudiatory describes a breach so serious that nothing worthwhile is left of the contract because it's beyond remediation. "Anticipatory" is what AllegroTrans seems to have in mind and it's a temporal concept, i.e., it means the defendant's nonperformance is so obviously inevitable that there's no point waiting to see what else happens before the plaintiff walks away from the contract and/or sues for nonperformance.

So for example if the defendant contracts to paint the house "bubblegum" color and is found to have purchased a truckload of "pink rose," the breach would be anticipatory because the plaintiff need not wait for the house to be painted before concluding it was not the agreed upon color. But the breach might not be repudiatory unless the plaintiff can show that the color difference is consequential.
AllegroTrans (asker) Aug 20, 2020:
I have chosen repudiatory breach/repudiation What is contract repudiation?

A repudiation is where one party demonstrates (by its conduct) that it either is no longer able to substantially perform its obligations under the contract, or that it is unwilling to do so. Repudiation is more than just a mere breach.

In technical terms, the test for repudiation is whether a party has shown, through its conduct, that either:

- it no longer intends to be bound by the contract; or
- it intends to fulfil the contract only in a way that is substantially inconsistent with the party’s obligations.

This test is applied objectively. A court will consider how a reasonable party would interpret the repudiating party’s conduct. The repudiating party's actual intentions are not a relevant consideration.

https://www.turtons.com/blog/when-can-you-terminate-a-constr...

In my text AAA has effectively "torn up" its contract with BBB to the extent that it has put BBB out of business. BBB seeks exemplary damages, so assuming that a broadly similar test applies in French law, these conditions are met.

I am slightly disappointed not to see any 'agrees' to Adrian's thoughtful answer...
Daryo Aug 20, 2020:
"ostracising" has moral connotations that would imply that the "ostracised" party has done something morally wrong / against community norms, exactly the opposite of what's happening in the ST.

"Expelled from the contract" is the idea of "l'éviction [de q.q.] d'un contrat"
B D Finch Aug 20, 2020:
'Ostracisation' Is that even a word? If it is, it should be banned in favour of the more user-friendly "ostracising".
AllegroTrans (asker) Aug 20, 2020:
'Ostracisation' May describe the behaviour, as may a multitude of synonyms but I need legalese not a tabloid press term
AllegroTrans (asker) Aug 20, 2020:
@ BD Thanks and yes it's definitely a specific head of claim in French law. Adrian has suggested 'repudiatory breach' and this looks good
SafeTex Aug 20, 2020:
@ B D Finch and all what about "ostracisation" ?
B D Finch Aug 20, 2020:
@Asker From your last discussion comment, it looks as though you think "éviction" is a specifically legal/contractual term, not just a description of being excluded from advertising. In that case, what about "repudiation"?
AllegroTrans (asker) Aug 19, 2020:
Safetex This isn't "instead of" breach of contract, it's framed as a claim (for damages) in addition to damages for breach of contract. Sorry if this wasn't clear. So far as "rights" are concerned these can only be contractual rights as this is a contract claim. Whilst I too use Google there are needless to say many dodgy sources out there.
SafeTex Aug 19, 2020:
@ AllegroTrans and all Hello

Not only does "deprivation of rights" instead of "breach of contract" cause possible confusion with copyright etc. but it sounds to me like deprivation of basic human rights.

So I tried to see what Google would bring up for "deprivation of rights" (without the word "human") and came across thousands upon thousands of US hits for "deprivation of rights under color of law" or similar hits for the same concept. This just causes further confusion as this is NOT what our text is about

My first EU hit was on the website: https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/th-concept/-/res...

where "deprivation of rights" is translated as "privation des droits" under " forfeiture of civil rights"

So I'd never use "deprivation of (its) rights" for "breach of contract" which is what we have here

Regards
AllegroTrans (asker) Aug 19, 2020:
Exclusion.... may be the first step taken by the party at fault but we have to take this a stage further to arrive at a contractual wrong actionable in French law. The word on its own somehow doesn't convey such a notion.
SafeTex Aug 19, 2020:
Exclusion Hello

So we simply have a breach of contract where a company BBB was given "the shoulder" but that is far too informal of course or literally "chucked out" from a billboard as Daryo nicely puts it.

"Exclusion" therefore seems to be on the right track to my mind and I'll probably end up agreeing with this after a while unless someone has something better?
philgoddard Aug 19, 2020:
Daryo It doesn't matter what kind of advertising it is, and you clearly haven't read my discussion entry containing the same dictionary reference as yours.
Daryo Aug 19, 2020:
which are "the relevant sections of the French Civil Code"?

That migh reduce the guessing ... and avoid duplicate research.

Also, where was that advertising meant to happen? Online? in printed press? Outdoor advertising?


this does not sound very likely to be applicable:

éviction
nf
1 action d'évincer
2 (droit) dépossession d'un droit par le fait d'un tiers possédant un droit antérieur

https://dictionary.reverso.net/french-definition/éviction

UNLESS BBB was "chucked out" from the billboard as the slot was already sold previously to someone else.
mrrafe Aug 19, 2020:
ouster In US, dispossession from the rights of a tenant would most likely be an ouster. It can include a tenant's eviction but is broader, i.e., the arrogated property interest need not be real estate. But the whole construction of the complaint seems a bit awkward to my American eyes.
philgoddard Aug 19, 2020:
In that case How about "dispossession of its rights"?
AllegroTrans (asker) Aug 19, 2020:
@ all The breach is nothing to do with lease terms, it's basically about AAA unjustifiably suspending and then cancelling BBB's advertising so the claim is founded principally on breach of contract. Timothy: I cannot see "eviction" working here, the word is almost exclusively used in the domain of landlord and tenant law. The suggestion by ph-b of "dispossession" is clearly along the right lines, but my misgiving here is that we generally use the term to mean dispossesion of a right of ownership or occupation of land rather than a right in a contractual relationship between two trading businesses, which is the case here.
SafeTex Aug 19, 2020:
@ all I was typing away about "breach of contract" when mrrafe posted the term
If it does concern a property however, how about "illegal eviction"?
ph-b (X) Aug 19, 2020:
dispossession? A bit more background info would help but thank you for listing the sources you've already looked at. You don't mention Dahl's or F H S Bridge (Council of Europe...). The former says "dispossession" (+ comments) and the latter "dispossession (of a purchaser, etc.) by a person exercising a superior right", which backs philgoddard's definition, which I've only just seen.
mrrafe Aug 19, 2020:
Breached how? If the breach involved failure to perform lease terms - e.g., to provide heat or water - it was a "constructive eviction," in US.
Emmanuella Aug 19, 2020:
@philgoddard - I agree
" son' refers to BBB
philgoddard Aug 19, 2020:
I'm not clear who "son" refers to. And what exactly has AAA done?
Could this definition fit your context?
dépossession d'un droit par le fait d'un tiers possédant un droit antérieur
http://dictionary.reverso.net/french-definition/éviction
Timothy Rake Aug 19, 2020:
Not sure why “eviction” won’t work; what about “displacement”?

Proposed translations

5 hrs
French term (edited): (contract & agency) éviction
Selected

'crowding-out' ; loss caused by repudiatory breach

du fait de son éviction > owing to their (the company's) being (coll.) wrongfully crowded out - (leg.) loss by repudiatory breach

This query rings loud bells with echoes of the UK case of White & Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor [1962] AC 413 (White & Carter) in which 'the claimant (an advertiser) agreed with the defendant (a garage owner) to renew an existing contract for their services. Later that same day, the defendant tried to pull out of the agreement in what amounted to a *repudiatory breach*.

The claimant, however, refused to accept the breach – thereby affirming the contract and preventing its termination – and performed their obligations as per the contract’s terms. When the defendant did not follow suit, it subsequently sued them for the full price of their services: an action for the agreed sum.

On the facts, the House of Lords accepted that the claimant was allowed to recover the price.'

The scenario also overlaps with the ENG tort of unlawful interference with a third party's contract except that, here, there is no third party and compare anticipatory repudiation in US Am. contract law.




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Note added at 5 hrs (2020-08-19 20:36:30 GMT)
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You are welcome. I'm unsure éviction is being used in a strict legal sense and your idea of contract breach led me on to repudiation. My problem with loss is how it's classifiable: 1. loss of a chance (prospect) in ENG contract 2. loss of bargain when estimating damages in contract- as in the 2nd example sentence or 3. loss of the whole contract. Obiter, IATE also gives patrimonial fund for a fonds patrimonial, so is rather hit-and-miss.

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 1 jour 6 heures (2020-08-20 21:13:40 GMT) Post-grading
--------------------------------------------------

Strange - my answer has been entered in the glossary. No votes may mean silence is consent, the link with repudiatory breach in Anglo-Am or 'Anglo-Saxon' contract law has not been properly grasped - or there is a axe-to-grind mental block about my answers. Funnily enough, this phenomenon tying up with Safetex's idea of ostracising or spurning, I was going to suggest the non-legal term of 'stonewalling'.
Example sentence:

Not primary 1125565 18 Entry domains: FINANCE (24) COM fr risque d'éviction des activités privées en private activity may be crowded out

Repudiatory breach claim upon contractual termination: Window dressing or valid basis for claiming damages for loss of bargain? Published March 2018.

Note from asker:
Thanks you. I like "repudiatory breach" and am wondering whether it's close enough to the Fr notion of "éviction". "Crowding-out" seems somewhat informal here
IATE gives "rupture répudiatoire" for "repudiatory breach" which it seems is an attempt at a near literal translation rather than of concept
Re your comment on loss: the 'éviction' head of claim is in the alternative and the court is being asked to appoint an expert to assess the damage
Sorry damages
Adrian. whoooops... I mistakenly selected an answer other than yours and then entered yours in the glossary. Have asked moderator to modify. Sobeit as Rumpole would say.
Something went wrong...
4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer. Comment: "many thanks"
+1
2 hrs

exclusion

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11002-018-9468-3
Increasingly, national brands have cast people from marginalized groups in advertising. It is important to understand the elements that influence consumers' responses to advertisements featuring groups who have been traditionally excluded from advertising campaigns.

https://hyscore.io/crawler/
In some cases that might be ending in being excluded from advertising campaigns and can result in a monetary loss or can cause a malfunction of a 1st or 3rd party application.
Note from asker:
Thank you
Peer comment(s):

agree SafeTex : "éviction" may be a false friend but it keeps its idea of "chucked out" in French and so "exclusion" is good for me
6 hrs
Thanks
neutral Daryo : exclusion might be the right term, BUT your references are the wrong ones for this ST
18 hrs
Both my references and my suggestion of "exclusion" assumed that this was not a specific contractual or legal term. It now appears that assumption was wrong.
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2 hrs

deprivation of its rights

That's what éviction means in all contexts (i.e. it's a term that works both inside and outside the context of leases, etc.):
https://www.dictionnaire-juridique.com/definition/eviction.p...

So if you want to avoid a potentially confusing allusion to leases and real estate (which are pretty much the only contexts where "eviction" is used in EN), try this more general term. You could also say "loss of its rights," but I think "deprivation" keeps the sense of slight violence and also blame/fault that you get from "éviction" -- in other words both words connote that AAA actively did something to deprive BBB of its rights.

"à titre de dommages et intérêts du fait de son éviction" > "as damages and interest arising from the deprivation of its rights"
Note from asker:
Thank you
This very much appears to be on the right lines Eliza and "deprivation of contractual rights" seems a logical fit to the French definition of "éviction" which cannot be translated with one word
Peer comment(s):

agree philgoddard : Yes, I think this is probably the meaning. But "interêts" doesn't mean interest - "dommages et interêts" is simply damages.
31 mins
Thanks. Fair point, and that probably is a better translation, though damages awards include any interest on the amount awarded and we normally state the two things separately in US EN.
disagree SafeTex : AllegroTrans (asker) has reservations about this in the discussion and so do I. Although we are talking of publishing (advertising), there are no rights in the sense of intellectual/copyrights nor basic (human) rights. "Rights" is wrong here!
1 hr
The rights of which BBB was deprived are its contractual rights: https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/what-are-cont...
neutral Daryo : it is correct, but ways too wide in scope - it would include all sorts of wrongdoing, NOT ONLY "éviction"
17 hrs
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Reference comments

20 hrs
Reference:

éviction **d'un contrat**

Suez Environnement conteste son éviction d'un contrat de 500 mln d'euros à Lille

LE 03/10/14 À 16:20 | MIS À JOUR LE 03/10/14 À 16:26

PARIS (Dow Jones)--La communauté urbaine de Lille a décidé d'écarter Suez Environnement de l'appel d'offres pour le renouvellement d'un contrat de distribution d'eau potable d'un montant de 500 millions d'euros, a déclaré le groupe, qui assure actuellement cette délégation de service public.

Le groupe de services aux collectivités a contesté cette décision en la déclarant dépourvue de tout fondement juridique, sans toutefois en détailler les motifs.

"Lille Métropole met en avant pour justifier cette décision, ce qu'elle qualifie de non conformités au dossier de consultation", a déclaré le groupe dans un communiqué. "Cette appréciation n'a fait l'objet d'aucun échange entre la collectivité et l'entreprise comme le prévoit la Loi Sapin", a ajouté Suez Environnement.

https://investir.lesechos.fr/actions/actualites/suez-environ...

Contentieux de l’éviction irrégulière des marchés publics : rejet des conclusions tendant à l’annulation du contrat dès lors qu’elles sont nouvelles en appel

CAA Nantes 17 février 2015 société Anjou Bâtiment, req. n° 13NT03082

Dans le cadre d’un marché à procédure adaptée, la commune de Chemellier avait attribué le lot « gros œuvre » relatif à l’extension de son école primaire à la société Justeau. Préalablement à la signature du marché, le maire de la commune informait, par un courrier en date du 23 mars 2010, la société Anjou Bâtiment du rejet de son offre.

Candidate évincée du marché, la société a contesté le rejet de son offre par un courrier du 15 avril 2010 et saisi le maire d’une demande indemnitaire préalable le 22 juin 2010.

La commune de Chemellier n’ayant pas répondu, la société Anjou Bâtiment a alors saisi le tribunal administratif de Nantes d’une demande tendant à l’annulation de la décision du 23 mars 2010, ainsi qu’à la condamnation de la commune au versement d’une indemnité de 10 600 euros en réparation du préjudice subi du fait de son éviction.
https://www.adden-leblog.com/contentieux-de-leviction-irregu...


B – La concrétisation d’un droit à indemnisation
L’octroi d’une indemnisation pour compenser le préjudice économique
consécutif à l’éviction d’une procédure de passation d’un contrat administratif est
nécessairement circonstancié, c’est-à-dire adapté au cas d’espèce.

the whole text is about "éviction" from public procurement tenders.

https://iode.univ-rennes1.fr/sites/iode.univ-rennes1.fr/file...

Considérant qu'il ressort du jugement attaqué que le tribunal administratif, ayant considéré que les faits à l'origine du licenciement de Mme A...ne pouvaient être regardés comme établis et qu'en licenciant l'intéressée pour faute grave, la commune de Nogent-sur-Marne a par suite commis une illégalité susceptible d'engager sa responsabilité, a annulé la décision du 23 octobre 2009 prononçant le licenciement de Mme A...et condamné ladite commune à verser à celle-ci une indemnité de 6 732,68 euros en réparation du préjudice causé par son licenciement illégal ; que pour fixer cette indemnité, le tribunal administratif a considéré que l'intéressée, alors même qu'elle était titulaire à la date de son éviction d'un contrat destiné à satisfaire à un besoin occasionnel d'un mois, pouvait légalement prétendre, au regard des dispositions conjuguées des articles 39 et 40 du décret n°88-145 du 15 février 1988 susvisé, à une indemnité correspondant à deux mois de rémunération du fait de la privation de son droit à préavis, soit 2 732,68 euros ; que le tribunal administratif a en outre condamné la commune à verser à Mme A... une indemnité de 4 000 euros en réparation du préjudice moral et professionnel subi par l'intéressée au motif que celle-ci était âgée de près de 62 ans à la date des faits et que, compte tenu du renouvellement continu de ses contrats depuis 1998, elle pouvait espérer voir sa situation professionnelle stabilisée ; qu'enfin le tribunal administratif a rejeté le surplus des conclusions présentées par Mme A...devant lui tendant à la réparation du préjudice né d'un droit à titularisation, au versement d'une indemnité de licenciement et d'une indemnité représentative de congés payés ainsi qu'au prononcé d'injonctions ;

https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do;jsessionid...
Note from asker:
Appreciated
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